Army surplus SKS equipment supply a captivating glimpse into historical past, operate, and customization. From meticulously crafted sights to distinctive shares, these elements breathe new life right into a traditional firearm, permitting for a myriad of modifications and functions. Understanding their historical past, availability, and authorized implications is vital to appreciating the wealthy tapestry of potentialities they current.
This exploration dives deep into the world of SKS equipment, analyzing all the pieces from the widespread to the uncommon, and illuminating the distinctive traits of every. We’ll traverse the panorama of sourcing, performance, and upkeep, offering sensible insights for fans and collectors alike.
Overview of SKS Equipment
The SKS rifle, a product of the Soviet period, has loved a protracted and storied historical past in navy and civilian markets. Its inherent simplicity and surprisingly efficient efficiency have made it a preferred platform for modification and customization. This overview explores the fascinating world of SKS equipment, from their historic roots to the various array of choices obtainable as we speak.The wide selection of obtainable SKS equipment displays the rifle’s adaptability and the ingenuity of its customers.
From enhancing accuracy to bettering ergonomics, these additions can remodel a primary navy surplus rifle right into a extremely customized firearm. Understanding the assorted equipment obtainable permits for knowledgeable selections about enhancing one’s SKS, no matter whether or not the objective is only aesthetic or useful.
Frequent SKS Accent Varieties
A good portion of the SKS’s enchantment lies in its intensive vary of obtainable equipment. These additions typically tackle particular wants and preferences, whether or not for aggressive taking pictures, searching, or just personalizing a cherished piece of navy historical past. Understanding these accent sorts is vital to appreciating the rifle’s versatility.
- Sights: Sights are elementary for aiming and accuracy. From primary iron sights to extra superior optics, these equipment present the required precision for a profitable shot. Completely different sights cater to varied taking pictures kinds and ranges. For example, aperture sights supply elevated precision at medium ranges, whereas telescopic sights are essential for long-range taking pictures.
- Shares: Shares are essential for snug dealing with. Modifications to the inventory can enhance grip, cut back recoil, or just alter the rifle’s aesthetic enchantment. The selection of inventory typically relies on the shooter’s measurement, taking pictures type, and preferences.
- Barrels: Barrels immediately impression the rifle’s accuracy and efficiency. Completely different barrel lengths and supplies can have an effect on the bullet’s trajectory and velocity. For example, heavier barrels can improve accuracy at longer ranges, whereas lighter barrels could also be preferable for faster follow-up pictures.
- Triggers: Triggers play a big position within the shooter’s means to rapidly and precisely hearth the rifle. Modifications to the set off mechanism can cut back set off pull weight, bettering the general taking pictures expertise.
- Muzzle Units: Muzzle units are designed to scale back muzzle flash, recoil, and sound. These units additionally supply aesthetic customization.
Historic Context and Evolution of SKS Equipment
The event of SKS equipment mirrors the rifle’s international utilization and the evolving wants of its house owners. Early equipment have been typically crude modifications geared toward enhancing practicality. As expertise superior, extra refined and exact equipment grew to become obtainable.
- Early equipment have been largely improvised options, typically made out of available supplies.
- Later developments noticed a rise in standardized equipment designed for improved accuracy and reliability.
- Right now, a various vary of equipment cater to varied taking pictures kinds and private preferences.
Accent Materials Examples
The supplies used for SKS equipment range vastly, relying on the operate and supposed use. These variations have an effect on efficiency, sturdiness, and aesthetics.
Accent Sort | Operate | Typical Materials |
---|---|---|
Sights | Aiming and concentrating on | Metallic (e.g., metal, aluminum), glass |
Shares | Ergonomic dealing with | Wooden, artificial polymers, metallic |
Barrels | Firing and trajectory | Metal, chrome-lined metal |
Triggers | Firing mechanism | Metallic (e.g., metal, aluminum), spring metal |
Muzzle Units | Cut back flash, recoil, and sound | Metallic (e.g., metal, aluminum), polymer |
Sourcing and Availability: Army Surplus Sks Equipment

Discovering the proper SKS accent is usually a thrilling treasure hunt, main you down rabbit holes of on-line marketplaces and brick-and-mortar retailers. The supply and pricing of those classic elements are influenced by a posh internet of things, from historic demand to present market tendencies. Navigating this panorama requires understanding the important thing gamers and the dynamics at play.The world of navy surplus equipment, particularly for the SKS rifle, is a captivating mix of the previous and current.
From obscure on-line boards to established retailers, discovering the best piece typically entails a little bit of detective work. Understanding the completely different sources and their strengths is essential for a easy and rewarding expertise.
Major Sources for SKS Equipment
The hunt for SKS equipment begins with figuring out the perfect sources. On-line marketplaces, from devoted navy surplus websites to basic public sale platforms, are glorious beginning factors. These platforms typically showcase a various vary of equipment, permitting you to match costs and availability. Bodily shops, notably these specializing in firearms and navy collectibles, additionally supply helpful alternatives to see objects firsthand and probably discover uncommon items.
Respected distributors with established reputations and verifiable experience within the subject supply peace of thoughts.
Evaluating Accent Availability Throughout Distributors
Availability varies considerably throughout distributors. Some might concentrate on particular varieties of SKS equipment, whereas others have a extra basic choice. This disparity in choices necessitates cautious analysis. Think about evaluating the obtainable objects, their circumstances, and the seller’s insurance policies on returns or exchanges earlier than making a purchase order. Thorough analysis and cross-referencing data from completely different distributors can assist you make knowledgeable selections.
Components Influencing the Worth of SKS Equipment
The worth of SKS equipment is a posh equation with a number of transferring elements. Rarity, situation, and demand play a big position. A well-preserved, extremely sought-after half will command the next worth than a much less fascinating or broken one. The historic significance of the half, in addition to the present market tendencies, all affect the ultimate worth. The seller’s overhead, transport prices, and revenue margins additionally contribute to the general price.
Finding Particular Equipment
Discovering particular, uncommon, or hard-to-find equipment typically requires digging deeper. Partaking with on-line boards and communities devoted to firearms fans and navy surplus collectors can yield helpful insights. Trying to find specialised distributors or contacting collectors immediately might reveal hidden gems. Persistence and persistence are key, as these uncommon objects do not all the time seem on the floor.
Vendor Specialties in SKS Equipment
Vendor | Specialty |
---|---|
Armslist | Broad number of used and new equipment, together with widespread and fewer widespread elements. |
GunBroker | Giant on-line public sale platform with a big presence of SKS equipment, typically that includes aggressive bidding. |
[Specific vendor specializing in SKS] | Specialised stock, specializing in uncommon and hard-to-find elements, and probably providing professional data. |
Performance and Use Circumstances
The SKS, a workhorse of the rifle world, positive factors important versatility with the addition of varied equipment. These additions, from easy sights to extra advanced optics, dramatically change the rifle’s position and efficiency. From exact goal taking pictures to efficient self-defense, the probabilities are as diversified because the consumer’s wants. Let’s discover how these equipment unlock the SKS’s true potential.
Sights and Optics
Sights are elementary to any rifle’s accuracy. SKS rifles typically include primary iron sights, however aftermarket choices improve precision and vary. Aperture sights, for instance, present a clearer view of the goal, particularly in low-light circumstances, and improve aiming. high quality telescopic sight transforms the SKS right into a succesful long-range rifle, permitting for exact pictures at prolonged distances.
These additions improve the weapon’s utility throughout numerous taking pictures disciplines.
Shares and Forends
Modifying the inventory and forend improves the rifle’s dealing with and ergonomics. A special inventory can improve consolation throughout prolonged taking pictures classes. Adjustable shares accommodate numerous shooter physiques, making certain a customized and secure grip. Forends, too, might be personalized. A extra strong forend offers improved stability and management.
This typically results in more practical taking pictures in numerous circumstances.
Ammunition Feed Techniques
Bettering the ammunition feed methods is a robust approach to improve reliability and effectivity. Journal extensions can enhance capability, offering a big benefit in fast-paced taking pictures situations. These enhancements enhance the rifle’s firepower and potential for sustained hearth.
Different Equipment
Equipment like bipods and slings dramatically enhance the rifle’s stability. A bipod permits for extra exact taking pictures on uneven terrain or when utilizing the rifle from a non-stable place. A sling improves the dealing with and maneuverability of the rifle throughout fight or searching conditions. This enhanced maneuverability is crucial in numerous real-world functions.
Efficiency Enhancement Desk
Accent | Efficiency Enhancement | Use Circumstances | Benefits | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aperture Sight | Improved goal acquisition, particularly in low gentle | Looking, goal taking pictures | Elevated accuracy, enhanced visibility | Might not be appropriate for terribly lengthy ranges |
Telescopic Sight | Enhanced accuracy at longer ranges | Looking, goal taking pictures, long-range taking pictures | Larger precision, elevated vary | Could enhance complexity and weight |
Adjustable Inventory | Improved consolation and stability for numerous shooters | Looking, goal taking pictures, self-defense | Personalised match, enhanced grip | Could enhance weight |
Journal Extensions | Elevated ammunition capability | Quick-paced taking pictures, self-defense | Extra rounds obtainable | Could enhance rifle measurement and weight |
Bipod | Improved stability on uneven terrain or non-stable positions | Looking, goal taking pictures, self-defense | Enhanced accuracy, better stability | Could add weight and complexity |
Upkeep and Compatibility
Protecting your SKS equipment in tip-top form is essential for his or her longevity and optimum efficiency. Correct upkeep not solely extends the lifetime of your gear but in addition ensures dependable operate, which is paramount for any navy surplus fanatic. Understanding potential compatibility points with completely different equipment and SKS fashions is equally necessary, permitting you to pick and use the best elements collectively.
This part will information you thru the required steps for sustaining your equipment and resolving any compatibility issues.
Upkeep Procedures for SKS Equipment
Correct cleansing and lubrication are very important for the longevity of your SKS equipment. Common upkeep prevents rust and corrosion, making certain easy operation and preserving the integrity of the metallic. This preventative method will prevent money and time in the long term.
- Cleansing: Completely clear all metallic elements with a smooth brush and a gentle degreasing resolution. Keep away from harsh chemical substances, as they’ll injury the end. Pay particular consideration to crevices and threads. Rinse totally with clear water and dry utterly with a smooth fabric.
- Lubrication: Apply an acceptable lubricant to transferring elements, akin to hinges, levers, and locking mechanisms. Use a high-quality gun oil or an identical lubricant particularly designed for metallic elements. Make sure the lubricant is suitable for the kind of metallic used.
- Storage: Retailer your equipment in a clear, dry setting to forestall rust and corrosion. Think about using a moisture-absorbing desiccant to take care of optimum circumstances.
Potential Compatibility Points with Completely different Equipment and SKS Fashions
Compatibility points can come up from variations in SKS fashions and accent designs. Understanding the precise mannequin of your SKS rifle is vital for choosing the best equipment. Moreover, sure equipment might not be appropriate with all SKS fashions as a result of variations in dimensions, mounting factors, or different design parts.
- SKS Mannequin Variations: Completely different SKS fashions may need variations of their receiver rails, mounting factors, or different options that have an effect on the compatibility of equipment. Seek the advice of the producer’s specs to your particular SKS mannequin to make sure compatibility.
- Accent Design Variations: Equipment might have completely different dimensions or mounting mechanisms that make them incompatible with sure SKS fashions. Rigorously study the accent’s specs to confirm compatibility along with your SKS rifle.
Frequent Issues and Options for SKS Equipment
Addressing widespread issues is crucial to take care of the efficiency and reliability of your SKS equipment. Addressing points promptly can forestall extra important issues down the road.
- Rust and Corrosion: Rust and corrosion are widespread points with metallic equipment, particularly in humid environments. Promptly tackle rust utilizing a rust remover, adopted by cleansing and lubrication to forestall additional injury.
- Malfunctioning Mechanisms: If a mechanism on an adjunct is malfunctioning, examine it for obstructions or injury. Clear the mechanism and lubricate it with the suitable lubricant to revive performance.
Step-by-Step Information for Cleansing and Sustaining Completely different Forms of SKS Equipment
This detailed information Artikels the steps for cleansing and sustaining numerous varieties of SKS equipment, from easy cleansing to extra advanced upkeep duties.
- Cleansing a Bipod: Disassemble the bipod and clear all metallic elements with a smooth brush and degreaser. Lubricate the pivot factors and joints with gun oil. Reassemble the bipod and take a look at its operate.
- Sustaining a Sling: Clear the sling materials with a smooth fabric and a gentle detergent. Verify the stitching and buckles for put on and tear. Change worn elements as wanted.
- Caring for a Scope Mount: Clear the mount with a smooth brush and degreaser. Examine the mounting screws for tightness. Apply a skinny layer of anti-seize compound to the threads to forestall future corrosion.
Compatibility Desk for SKS Equipment
This desk summarizes the compatibility of varied equipment with completely different SKS fashions. It is a useful instrument for rapidly figuring out compatibility earlier than making a purchase order.
SKS Mannequin | Bipod Compatibility | Sling Compatibility | Scope Mount Compatibility |
---|---|---|---|
SKS-45 | Excessive | Excessive | Medium |
SKS-54 | Excessive | Excessive | Excessive |
SKS-62 | Medium | Excessive | Excessive |
Customization and Modifications
Unleashing the potential of your SKS rifle goes past merely buying it; it is about personalizing it to match your wants and elegance. Modifying an SKS rifle, from the inventory to the sights, can dramatically alter its dealing with, accuracy, and aesthetics. This journey into customization requires cautious consideration, correct instruments, and a wholesome respect for security.This exploration into SKS customization dives into the thrilling world of modifications.
We’ll study widespread initiatives, the instruments wanted, and the important security precautions to maintain you heading in the right direction. Bear in mind, accountable modification is vital to each maximizing efficiency and sustaining security.
Frequent Modifications and Their Impacts
A plethora of modifications can remodel an SKS rifle, catering to varied preferences and desires. These modifications vary from easy aesthetic tweaks to important efficiency enhancements. Choosing the proper modifications entails understanding the trade-offs between aesthetics and performance.
- Inventory Modifications: SKS shares, typically a big a part of the rifle’s dealing with, are steadily modified. Including a pistol grip, for instance, can improve management, particularly throughout rapid-fire situations. A special inventory type can regulate the rifle’s total weight steadiness and enhance ergonomics. These adjustments can considerably have an effect on how the rifle feels in your fingers and the way you work together with it.
- Sight Enhancements: Modifying sights can vastly affect accuracy. Changing the usual iron sights with extra superior optics, like scopes or pink dot sights, can drastically enhance precision at various ranges. The chosen optics ought to match the specified utility and the consumer’s taking pictures type.
- Barrel Modifications: Barrel modifications are normally undertaken to extend accuracy, velocity, and efficient vary. Rifle barrels are sometimes threaded for mounting suppressors or different equipment. These adjustments, whereas probably enhancing efficiency, may also impression the rifle’s total steadiness and weight distribution.
Instruments and Strategies
A correct toolkit is essential for any customization mission. The suitable instruments will forestall injury and guarantee correct execution. Specialised instruments could be wanted for sure duties.
- Measuring Instruments: Exact measurements are important for making certain compatibility and accuracy. Calipers, micrometers, and rulers are very important.
- Machining Instruments: Some modifications, akin to barrel threading, require specialised equipment like a lathe or milling machine. If not achieved accurately, these duties could cause severe injury to the rifle or end in a poor final result.
- Welding/Soldering Instruments: Welding or soldering could be wanted to safe modifications to the rifle’s body. Care should be taken to keep away from overheating or warping the metallic.
Security Issues
Security ought to all the time be paramount when endeavor any modifications. Modifications can have an effect on the rifle’s inherent security options, and improper procedures can result in malfunctions or accidents.
- Correct Dealing with: At all times deal with the rifle as if it have been loaded, even when not loaded. Deal with with warning and observe all security protocols. This method prevents sudden and harmful conditions.
- Environmental Issues: The setting performs a job in security. Keep away from modifications that may compromise the rifle’s means to face up to climate or different environmental elements. Correct dealing with is necessary.
- Competency and Expertise: Solely carry out modifications you are snug with and have the required expertise for. Underestimating the complexity of a job can result in errors.
Customization Choices Comparability, Army surplus sks equipment
The next desk offers a comparative overview of varied customization choices for SKS equipment. This desk assists in understanding the trade-offs and potential impacts of every selection.
Customization Choice | Aesthetic Impression | Purposeful Impression | Complexity |
---|---|---|---|
Inventory Alternative | Important | Improved ergonomics, steadiness | Medium |
Sight Improve | Average | Enhanced accuracy, vary | Medium |
Barrel Threading | Minor | Permits for suppressor mounting | Excessive |
Authorized Issues
Navigating the authorized panorama surrounding navy surplus SKS rifles and equipment might be tough. Understanding the rules in your area is essential for accountable possession and use. Ignorance of the legislation isn’t any excuse, so take the time to be taught the specifics of your jurisdiction. This part Artikels the vital authorized issues that will help you keep compliant.
Authorized Restrictions on Possession and Use
Authorized restrictions range considerably by nation and even by state or province inside a rustic. These restrictions typically rely upon elements just like the rifle’s authentic manufacture date, the precise modifications made, and the consumer’s age and licensing standing. Some jurisdictions might impose restrictions on sure varieties of modifications, akin to including particular options or altering the rifle’s caliber.
Variations Between Modifications and Upgrades
Modifications to SKS rifles can impression their legality. Including equipment like scopes or bipods won’t elevate issues, however important alterations, akin to barrel replacements or changing to a unique caliber, might require permits or licenses. Upgrades, like putting in a greater set off or extra dependable sights, normally fall inside acceptable modifications, except they alter the rifle’s authentic performance in a manner that violates rules.
Regional Authorized Restrictions
Completely different areas have various rules concerning the possession and use of firearms. Some international locations may need stricter guidelines for sure varieties of firearms, whereas others might impose restrictions on modifications or equipment. For instance, some areas won’t enable sure varieties of sights or silencers. Researching the precise rules of your area is paramount.
Making certain Authorized Compliance
Sustaining authorized compliance when buying and utilizing SKS equipment requires cautious consideration to element. At all times confirm the legality of any modifications or upgrades earlier than endeavor them. Guarantee you might be absolutely conscious of any restrictions on possession, utilization, or transportation. Seek the advice of native authorities or authorized professionals for clarification. At all times be ready to display compliance if requested by legislation enforcement.
Abstract Desk of Authorized Necessities
Jurisdiction | Restrictions on Possession | Restrictions on Modifications | Restrictions on Equipment |
---|---|---|---|
United States (Instance) | Age restrictions, background checks, registration necessities might range by state. | Modifications that alter the firearm’s authentic performance might require permits. | Sure equipment could also be restricted primarily based on their supposed use or options. |
Canada (Instance) | Stricter rules on possession and possession, together with licensing necessities. | Important modifications might require a allow or registration. | Sure equipment could be prohibited or regulated primarily based on their options or supposed use. |
United Kingdom (Instance) | Extremely regulated possession and possession, with stringent licensing necessities. | Modifications would possibly require a change of registration or permission. | Equipment should conform to the precise license necessities. |
Observe: This desk is for illustrative functions solely and isn’t exhaustive. At all times seek the advice of the precise legal guidelines of your jurisdiction for exact particulars.
Historic and Cultural Significance

The SKS, a seemingly easy rifle, holds a surprisingly wealthy historical past woven into the tapestry of worldwide conflicts and cultural narratives. Its widespread adoption and enduring presence mirror its affordability, reliability, and effectiveness in numerous theatres of conflict. This part delves into the rifle’s origins, its impression on completely different societies, and the cultural significance of its equipment.The SKS’s design, a product of post-WWII Soviet ingenuity, was impressed by the profitable Mosin-Nagant rifle, however with a streamlined method.
Its affordability and ease of manufacturing made it a preferred selection for navy forces and civilians alike, profoundly influencing the trajectory of small arms improvement.
Origins and Design Evolution
The SKS, or self-loading carbine, was born from the ashes of the Second World Struggle, a response to the demand for a dependable, cheap, and comparatively easy rifle. The designers drew inspiration from the Mosin-Nagant, streamlining the design and specializing in affordability and manufacturing effectivity. This pragmatic method proved essential within the post-war period, making certain the rifle’s widespread deployment.
Cultural Impression Throughout Societies
The SKS’s affect transcended geopolitical boundaries. Its widespread adoption throughout numerous nations made it a logo of each battle and resilience. In some cultures, the SKS grew to become a robust image of nationwide protection or a cherished heirloom handed down via generations. Its presence in common tradition, from movies to literature, additional solidified its cultural footprint.
Function in Conflicts and Historic Occasions
The SKS’s position in conflicts is simple. From the Korean Struggle to quite a few regional conflicts within the latter half of the twentieth century, the rifle’s strong efficiency within the subject contributed considerably to its lasting legacy. Its adaptability and resilience in harsh environments additional cemented its place as a dependable weapon. It is essential to know the historic context, acknowledging the devastating impression of battle and the position of weapons just like the SKS in shaping these occasions.
Cultural Significance of Equipment
Equipment for the SKS, from scopes to shares, can remodel the rifle from a primary infantry weapon right into a extremely specialised instrument. The selection of equipment displays the consumer’s particular wants and operational setting, be it searching, goal taking pictures, or navy operations. The cultural significance of those equipment typically stems from their sensible utility, but in addition from the tales and traditions related to their use.
Examples of SKS Rifles with Equipment
Historic Context | Rifle Variant | Equipment | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Korean Struggle | Normal SKS | Bayonet, sling | Primary configuration for infantry use. |
Put up-war Looking | SKS with aftermarket inventory | Folding inventory, telescopic sight | Enhanced for portability and accuracy. |
Put up-conflict Civilian Use | SKS with customized inventory and scope | Adjustable inventory, 4x scope | Modified for precision taking pictures and searching. |
Security Precautions
Dealing with classic firearms just like the SKS rifle calls for a severe dedication to security. It isn’t nearly following guidelines; it is about cultivating a mindset that prioritizes security in each interplay with the weapon. Ignoring security protocols can have dire penalties, so let’s delve into the essential steps for accountable SKS possession.The SKS, with its distinctive design and sometimes modified elements, requires a heightened consciousness of potential hazards.
Protected operation hinges on understanding the potential risks and proactively implementing security measures. A robust basis in protected practices is the important thing to avoiding accidents and making certain a optimistic expertise.
Elementary Security Guidelines
Correct dealing with and storage are paramount for accountable SKS possession. A well-maintained arsenal, together with accountable practices, ensures a protected setting. Security ought to by no means be compromised for comfort or perceived effectivity. It is an integral a part of the complete expertise.
- At all times deal with each SKS rifle as if it have been loaded. This can be a cornerstone of firearm security.
- By no means level the muzzle at something you aren’t keen to destroy. This elementary rule emphasizes accountable gun dealing with.
- Hold your finger off the set off till you might be able to shoot. This can be a essential step to forestall unintended discharges.
- At all times pay attention to your goal and what’s past it. This precept underscores the significance of situational consciousness.
- Make sure the firearm is unloaded earlier than any cleansing, upkeep, or modification. This precaution is essential for stopping mishaps.
Security Implications of Equipment
Sure equipment can considerably alter the security profile of an SKS rifle. Understanding these implications is crucial for accountable possession.
- Modifications to the set off mechanism or security methods can compromise the inherent security options of the rifle. Cautious consideration is required to make sure the integrity of the rifle’s security mechanisms is maintained after modifications.
- Some aftermarket sights or scopes can have an effect on aiming accuracy, probably resulting in mishaps. Making certain correct mounting and alignment is essential for sustaining security.
- Modifications to the inventory, akin to putting in a pistol grip, can have an effect on the steadiness and dealing with of the rifle. Cautious evaluation of the modified steadiness is crucial for protected operation.
Storage and Transportation
Protected storage and transportation are very important for stopping accidents and making certain the safety of the SKS and its equipment.
- Retailer the SKS in a locked, safe location, inaccessible to unauthorized people, particularly youngsters. This significant measure ensures the rifle is stored out of the mistaken fingers.
- Transport the SKS in a safe case or holster. Correct packaging ensures the rifle stays safe throughout transit.
- By no means depart the rifle unattended in a automobile or different insecure places. Accountable house owners take precautions to forestall theft and misuse.
Important Security Precautions
Adhering to those important precautions is paramount for accountable SKS possession.
Security Precaution | Description |
---|---|
Deal with all SKS rifles as loaded | Assume each SKS rifle is loaded, even when you recognize it isn’t. |
Protected gun dealing with | At all times level the muzzle in a protected course, maintain your finger off the set off till able to shoot, and pay attention to your goal and environment. |
Correct storage | Retailer the rifle in a safe location, inaccessible to unauthorized people. |
Transport in a case | Transport the rifle in a safe case or holster to forestall accidents throughout transit. |
Common inspection | Usually examine the rifle and its equipment for any injury or put on that would have an effect on security. |